The consolidation of the regime .281832.E2.80.931835.29 July Monarchy

1 consolidation of regime (1832–1835)

1.1 first soult government

1.1.1 april 1834 insurrections
1.1.2 legislative elections of 1834


1.2 short-lived governments (july 1834 – february 1835)

the consolidation of regime (1832–1835)

king louis-philippe not unhappy see casimir perier withdraw political scene, complained perier took credit government s policy successes, while himself had assume criticism failures. citizen king therefore not in hurry find new president of council, more since parliament in recess , troubled situation demanded swift , energetic measures.

indeed, regime being attacked on sides. legitimist duchess of berry attempted uprising in spring 1832 in provence , vendée, stronghold of ultra-royalists, while republicans headed insurrection in paris on 5 june 1832, on occasion of funeral of 1 of leaders, general lamarque, struck dead cholera. general mouton crushed rebellion, killing 800. scene later depicted victor hugo in les misérables.

this double victory, on both carlists legitimists , republicans, success regime. furthermore, death of duke of reichstadt (napoléon ii) on 22 july 1832, in vienna, marked defeat bonapartist opposition.

finally, louis-philippe married elder daughter, louise d orléans, new king of belgians, leopold i, on anniversary of establishment of july monarchy (9 august). since archbishop of paris quélen, legitimist, refused celebrate mixed marriage between catholic , lutheran, wedding took place in château de compiègne. royal alliance strengthened louis-philippe s position abroad.

first soult government

louis-philippe called trusted man, marshal soult, presidency of council in october 1832. soult supported triumvirate composed of main politicians of time: adolphe thiers, duke de broglie , françois guizot. conservative journal des débats spoke of coalition of talents , while king of french speak, obvious disappointment, of casimir perier in 3 persons. in circular addressed high civil servants , military officers, new president of council, soult, stated explicitly follow policies of perier ( order @ home , peace abroad ) , denounced both legitimist right-wing opposition , republican left-wing opposition.

the new minister of interior, adolphe thiers, had first success on 7 november 1832 arrest in nantes of rebellious duchess of berry, detained in citadel of blaye. duchess expelled italy on 8 june 1833.

the opening of parliamentary session on 19 november 1832, success regime. governmental candidate, andré dupin, elected on first round president of chamber, 234 votes against 136 candidate of opposition, jacques laffitte.

in belgium, marshal gérard assisted young belgian monarchy 70,000 men, taking citadel of antwerp, capitulated on 23 december 1832.

strengthened these recent successes, louis-philippe initiated 2 visits provinces, first north meet victorious marshal gérard , men, , normandy, legitimist troubles continued, august september 1833. in order conciliate public opinion, members of new government took popular measures, such program of public works, leading completion of arc de triomphe in paris, , re-establishment, on 21 june 1833, of napoleon s statue on colonne vendôme. minister of public instruction , cults, françois guizot, had famous law on primary education passed in june 1833, leading creation of elementary school in each commune.

finally, ministerial change enacted after duke de broglie s resignation on 1 april 1834. broglie had found himself in minority in chamber concerning ratification of treaty signed united states in 1831. source of satisfaction king, removed triumvirate individual disliked most.

april 1834 insurrections

the ministerial change coincided return of violent unrest in various cities of france. @ end of february 1834, new law subjected activities of town criers public authorization led several days of confrontations police. furthermore, 10 april 1834 law, aimed against republican society of rights of man (société des droits de l homme), envisioned crack-down on non-authorized associations. on 9 april 1834, when chamber of peers vote on law, second canut revolt exploded in lyon. minister of interior, adolphe thiers, decided abandon city insurgents, taking on 13 april casualties of 100 200 dead on both sides.

the massacre of rue transnonain, paris, on 14 april 1834, depicted caricaturist honoré daumier.

the republicans attempted spread insurrection other cities, failed in marseille, vienne, poitiers , châlons-sur-marne. threat more serious in grenoble , in saint-Étienne on 11 april public order restored. greater danger regime was, often, in paris. expecting trouble, thiers had concentrated 40,000 men there, visited king on 10 april. furthermore, thiers had made preventive arrests against 150 main leaders of society of rights of man (société des droits de l homme), , outlawed mouthpiece, la tribune des départements. despite these measures, barricades set in evening of 13 april 1834, leading harsh repression, including massacre of inhabitants (men, women, children , old people) of house shot had been fired. incident immortalized in lithograph honoré daumier.

to express support monarchy, both chambers gathered in palace of tuileries on 14 april. in gesture of appeasement, louis-philippe cancelled feast-day celebration on 1 may, , publicly announced sums have been used these festivities dedicated orphans, widows , injured. in same time, ordered marshal soult publicise these events across france (the provinces being more conservative paris), convince them of necessary increase in army. .

more 2,000 arrests made following riots, in particular in paris , lyon. cases referred chamber of peers, which, in accordance art. 28 of charter of 1830, dealt cases of conspiracy against state security (attentat contre la sûreté de l État). republican movement decapitated, funerals of la fayette on 20 may 1834, quiet. 13 may chamber of deputies voted credit of 14 million in order increase army 360,000 men. 2 days later, adopted repressive law on detention , use of military weapons.

legislative elections of 1834

louis-philippe decided seize opportunity of dissolving chamber , organizing new elections, held on 21 june 1834. however, results not favorable him expected: although republicans eliminated, opposition retained around 150 seats (approximately 30 legitimists, rest being followers of odilon barrot, orleanist supporter of regime, headed parti du mouvement). furthermore, in ranks of majority itself, composed of 300 deputies, new faction, tiers-parti, led andré dupin, on occasions defect majority , give votes left. on 31 july new chamber re-elected dupin president of chamber 247 votes against 33 jacques laffitte , 24 pierre-paul royer-collard. furthermore, large majority (256 against 39) voted ambiguous address king which, although polite, did not abstain criticizing him. latter decided, on 16 august 1834, prorogue parliament until end of year.

short-lived governments (july 1834 – february 1835)

thiers , guizot, dominated triumvirate, decided rid of marshal soult, appreciated king compliant attitude. seizing opportunity of incident concerning french possessions in algeria, pushed soult resign on 18 july 1834. replaced marshal gérard, other ministers remaining in place. gérard, however, forced resign in turn, on 29 october 1834, on question of amnesty 2,000 prisoners detained in april. louis-philippe, doctrinaires (including guizot , thiers) , core of government opposed amnesty, tiers parti managed convince gérard announce it, underscoring logistical difficulties in organizing such large trial before chamber of peers.

gérard s resignation opened four-month ministerial crisis, until louis-philippe assembled government entirely tiers parti. however, after andré dupin s refusal assume presidency, king made mistake of calling, on 10 november 1834, figure first empire, duc de bassano, head government. latter, crippled debts, became object of public ridicule after creditors decided seize ministerial salary. alarmed, ministers decided resign, 3 days later, without advising bassano, government became known 3 days ministry. on 18 november 1834, louis-philippe called marshal mortier, duke of trévise, presidency, , latter formed same government bassano. crisis made tiers parti ridiculous while doctrinaires triumphed.

on 1 december 1834, mortier s government decided submit motion of confidence parliament, obtaining clear majority (184 votes 117). despite this, mortier had resign 2 months later, on 20 february 1835, officially health reasons. opposition had denounced government without leader, accusing mortier of being louis-philippe s puppet. same phrase thiers had spoken in opposition charles x, king reigns not rule (le roi règne mais ne gouverne pas), addressed citizen king .