Other Conjugations Otjiherero grammar

1 other conjugations

1.1 location
1.2 passive voice
1.3 reflection
1.4 benefactive
1.5 causation

other conjugations

other conjugations occur location, voice, reflection, behalvatation, , causation.

location

when action occurs somewhere else, directive particle ka used. in non-command, non-infinitive cases, verb in verb stem form ka- used prefix

examples

me katona going go hit
mo kahungira going go speak
twa kapenduka went , woke / got up
matu karya going go eat

when used in command, ka- again prefix verb stem, last letter of verb stem changes -e (regardless of whether or not verb s main alternative conjugation)

examples

katone go hit
kahungire go speak
kapenduke go wake / up
karye go eat

when used in infinitive, -ka- infix between verb prefix , verb stem

examples

okukatona go hit
okukahungira go speak
okukapenduka go wake / up
okukarya go eat

passive voice

passive voice conjugations formed putting -w- before final -a of verb stem (regardless of tense). irregular verbs may use form similar main alternative conjugation

examples

me tonwa m being hit
u hungirwa spoken to
twa riwa eaten

to specify acting object, passive particle comes before object

examples

me tonwa omiṱiri m being hit teacher
u hungirwa ovanene spoken adults
twa riwa ozongeyama eaten lions

reflection

when subject itself, 1 uses reflective particle ri show this. same effect achieved in english adding -self/-selves object, such in herself or . 1 places reflective particle 1 place directive particle (see location above). in case verb uses reflective particle , directive particle, directive particle precedes reflective particle. unlike directive particle, reflective particle not cause verbs switch verb stem form regardless of tense.

comparisons of verbs without , reflective particles

the reflective particle affects preceding concords , directive particles. if of these parts of speech end -a, -a changed -e.

comparisons of preceding parts of speech without , reflective particles

notice in final example reflective particle influenced both subject concord , directive particle.

benefactive

when action being done or on behalf of someone/something else, benefactive suffix used. there 4 benefactive suffixes:

the suffix used depends on end of verb stem being used. namely

if second-to-last vowel of verb -a-, -e-, or -o-, first letter of benefactive suffix -e-. otherwise, -i-.
if last consonant of verb m, n, or ṋ, second letter of benefactive suffix -n-. otherwise -r-.

the benefactive suffix replaces -a of verb stem. in tenses main alternative verb form used, final -a of benefactive suffix becomes -e (regardless of final letter of main alternative verb form verb).

examples

mbi ungura. work.
mbi ungurira opeacecorpsa. work peace corps.
me ziki. m cooking.
me zikire muharukua. m cooking muharukua.
mba nyanda. played.
mba nyandere okorosave. played okorosave.

causation

when subject causes object action, causatory suffix added verb. common suffix replace final -a of verb witih -isa. however, verbs ending in -uka can change -uka -ura , achieve similar effect.

comparisons of normal verbs , causatory verbs

when forming passive voice causatory verbs, -iwa added rather -wa

examples

^ bryner, ann (2011). otjiherero: grammar manual. namibia.