History Ternopil

1 history

1.1 20th century
1.2 invasion of poland
1.3 jewish ternopil

1.3.1 holocaust

history

city s first church, exaltation of cross church

the city founded in 1540 polish commander , hetman jan amor tarnowski, military stronghold , castle. on 15 april 1540, king of poland sigismund in cracow handed tarnowski permission establishment of tarnopol settlement, in vicinity of sopilcze (sopilche). in 1544 tarnopol castle completed , repelled first tatar attacks. on 20 january 1548 tarnopol granted legal rights king of poland sigismund old allowed town hold 3 fairs annually, , weekly trades on mondays. tarnopol received magdeburg city rights 2 years later jan tarnowski, regulating duties of town residents. in 1548 king of poland gave permission create pond near tarnopol suburb of kutkovets. in 1549 city managed survive tatar siege efforts of polish duchess eudokia czartoryska (see house of czartoryski). after death of crown hetman in 1561, tarnopol became property of son jan krzysztof tarnowski, died childless in 1567. since 1567 city owned daughter of crown hetman zofia tarnowska married konstanty wasyl ostrogski. in 1570 after death while giving birth, tarnopol passed ostrogski family. in 1575 plundered tatars. in 1623 city passed zamoyski family. in 1589 tarnopol visited austrian diplomat erich lassota von steblau (de) mentioned city s castle.

the ternopil castle rebuilt in 19th century palace

in 17th century town burned down in khmelnytsky uprising when of jewish residents chased out or killed. tarnopol destroyed turkish forces of ibrahim shishman pasha in 1675 , rebuilt aleksander koniecpolski did not recover previous glory until passed marie casimire, wife of king john iii sobieski in 1690. city later sacked last time tatars in 1694, , twice russians in course of great northern war in 1710 , war of polish succession in 1733. in 1747 józef potocki invited dominicanes , founded beautiful late-baroque dominican church (today cathedral of immaculate conception of blessed virgin mary of ternopil-zboriv eparchy of ukrainian greek catholic church). city looted during confederation of bar (1768–1772) confederates, king s army, , russians. in 1770 devastated outbreak of smallpox.

in 1772, after first partition of poland, city came under austrian rule. in 1809, after war of fifth coalition, city came under russian rule, incorporated newly created ternopol krai. in 1815 city (then 11,000 residents) returned austrian rule in accordance congress of vienna. in 1820 jesuits expelled polatsk russians established gymnasium in tarnopol. in 1843 last city s owner jerzy michal of turkul sold city residents 175,000 florins. in 1870 rail line connected ternopil lviv, accelerating city s growth. @ time tarnopol had population of 25,000.

the cathedral of immaculate conception of blessed virgin mary (former dominican church)


20th century

the region part of habsburg galicia , ethnic mix of roman catholic poles, greek catholic ruthenians, , jews. intermarriage between poles , ruthenians common. church of st. mary of perpetual assistance consecrated in 1908 main tower reaching 62 m (203 ft). in 1954 church blown communist authorities , in place built city s central supermarket. during world war city passed german , austrian forces russia several times. in 1917 city , castle burnt down fleeing russian forces. after dissolution of austro-hungarian empire, city proclaimed part of west ukrainian people s republic on 11 november 1918. after polish forces captured lwów during polish-ukrainian war, tarnopol became country s temporary capital (22 november 30 december 1918). after act of union between west ukrainian republic , ukrainian people s republic (upr), ternopol formally passed under upr s control. on 15 july 1919 city captured polish forces. in 1920 exiled ukrainian government of symon petlura accepted polish control of tarnopol , of entire area after receiving assurance of józef piłsudski, lithuanian born field marshal of polish army, there no peace russians without creating ukrainian state. in july , august 1920 red army captured tarnopol in course of polish-soviet war. city served capital of galician soviet socialist republic. although poles , ukrainian allies badly defeated russians on battle field , russians had offered cede ukraine , belarus, polish politicians in warsaw refused honor piłsudski s promise. terms of riga treaty, soviets , poles partitioned ukraine. next 19 years, ethnically mixed ternopol area remained in polish control.

from 1922 september 1939, tarnopol served capital of tarnopol voivodeship consisted of 17 powiats. according polish census of 1931, individuals speaking ukrainian/ruthenian accounted 46% of tarnopol voivodeship, while polish speaking population consisted of 49%. city consisted of 77.7% poles, 14.0% jewish , 8.05% ukrainian/ruthenian population. after world war ii, communist party historians reported edward szturm de sztrem, pre-war chairman of polish census statistical office, admitted census returns, particularly south-east, had been altered @ executive level. account stated admitted officials had been directed undercount minorities, in eastern provinces .

invasion of poland

tarnopol voivodeship

at onset of world war ii, soviet invasion of poland began on september 17, 1939. red army entered eastern poland in furtherance of secret molotov–ribbentrop pact , contrary soviet–polish non-aggression pact. tarnopol captured, renamed ternopol, , incorporated ukrainian soviet socialist republic under ternopol oblast. soviets made first priority decimate polish intelligentsia , destroy polish culture. ukrainian nationalist leaders imprisoned. mass arrests, torture , executions of ukrainians , poles followed. soviets carried out mass deportations of enemies of working class kazakhstan. in practice, translated members of former state administration, police, border service , land , business owners.

on 2 july 1941, city occupied nazis led jewish pogrom, , continued exterminating population creating tarnopol ghetto. thousands of jews murdered @ belzec extermination camp. many ukrainians sent forced labour germany. in years 1942–1943, polish armia krajowa active opposing nazi rule , defending ethnic poles violence ukrainian nationalists. during soviet offensive in march , april 1944, city encircled. in march 1944, city declared fortified place (gates reich) adolf hitler, defended until last round fired. stiff german resistance caused extensive use of heavy artillery red army on march 7–8, resulting in complete destruction of city , killing of german occupants (55 survivors out of 4,500). unlike many other occasions, germans had practised scorched earth policy during withdrawal territories of soviet union, devastation caused directly hostilities. ternopol occupied red army on 15 april 1944. after second soviet occupation, 85% of city s living quarters destroyed. due heavy destruction, regional seat moved chortkiv.

following defeat of nazi germany, ethnic polish population of tarnopol , region forcibly deported postwar poland , settled in, , near wrocław (among other locations), part of stalinist ethnic cleansing in soviet ukraine. in following decades, ternopol rebuilt in typical soviet style , few buildings reconstructed.

euromaidan in ternopil

ternopil has been part of sovereign ukraine since august, 24 1991.

jewish ternopil

polish jews settled in ternopil beginning @ founding , formed majority of population. during 16th , 17th centuries there 300 jewish families in city. great synagogue of ternopil built in gothic survival style between 1622 , 1628. among towns destroyed bohdan khmelnytsky during march zolochiv through galicia tarnopol, large jewish population of carried on extensive trade. shortly afterward, however, when cossacks had been subdued john iii of poland, town began prosper anew, , jewish population exceeded previous figures.

after first partition of poland, ternopil came under austrian domination. nevertheless, joseph perl able continue efforts improve condition of jews, had begun under russian rule. in 1813 established jewish school had chief object instruction of jewish youth in german in hebrew , in various other subjects. controversy between traditional hasidim , modernising maskilim school caused, resulted 4 years later in victory latter, whereupon institution received official recognition , placed under communal control. starting in 1863, school policy gradually modified polish influences, , little attention given instruction in german. tempel für geregelten gottesdienst, opened perl in 1819, caused dissensions within community, , rabbi, samuel judah löb rapoport, forced withdraw. dispute settled in favour of maskilim. of 1905, jewish community numbered 14,000 in total population of 30,415. jews took control of active import/export trade russia conducted through border city of pidvolochysk.

the holocaust

tarnopol synagogue prior destruction during world war ii

in 1941, after german attack on soviet positions in eastern poland, 2,000 jews killed in pogrom.

in september 1941, germans announced creation of tarnopol ghetto jews still remaining in city. in winter of 1941–42, mortality in ghetto escalated such degree judenrat forced bury dead in common grave. between august 1942 june 1943 there 5 selections depleted jewish population of ghetto sending jews belzec extermination camp. few hundred jews tarnopol , vicinity attempted survive hiding within town limits. many denounced germans, including 200 people shortly before soviets liberated area. number of jews survived hiding poles. monument in memory of holocaust victims built @ petrikovsky yar in 1996. on september 19, 2012 monument desecrated, in seems anti-semitic act.