Other Grammatical Occurrences Otjiherero grammar

1 other grammatical occurrences

1.1 commonly implied nouns (through concords, adjectives, or determiners)
1.2 constructing nouns verbs

1.2.1 verbs brought omu-, ova-, otji-, ovi-, or ou class
1.2.2 verbs brought oma- or o- class


1.3 constructing verbs adjectives
1.4 constructing adjectives verbs
1.5 moving words o- , ozo- classes
1.6 checking knowledge/understanding
1.7 situations -a of concord, directive prefix, or noun class becomes -e

other grammatical occurrences
commonly implied nouns (through concords, adjectives, or determiners)

often in otjiherero noun omitted, implying noun class of concord, adjective, or determiner enough make reasonable assumption missing noun is. following table gives commonly implied word come noun classes.

commonly implied nouns

constructing nouns verbs

many nouns in otjiherero similar verb perform. example in english similarity between jog , jogger . there 2 main type of transitions

verbs brought omu-, ova-, otji-, ovi-, or ou class

typically, verbs brought these noun classes replace oku- of infinitive verb noun-class prefix of specified noun class. change last letter -a -e. people go omu- , ova- noun classes, concrete objects tend placed in otji-/ovi- classes, , more abstract nouns fall ou- class.

examples

okutunga build => omutunge builder
okuhinga drive => ovahinge drivers
okutjanga write => otjitjange writing utensil
okutjitwa done => ovitjitwa events (done things) (an example final -a not become -e
okuhepa need => ouhepe poverty
okukohoka become clean => ouhakohoke uncleanliness (ha negative particle)

verbs brought oma- or o- class

typically, verbs brought these noun classes replace oku- of infinitive verb noun-class prefix of specified noun class. change last letter -a -ero, -iro, -eno or -ino. suffix determined same procedure seen in yesterday s/completed past , except last letter -o instead of -e. note many transitions o- class effected changes, discussed in moving words o- , ozo- classes below.

examples

okuhonga teach => omahongero education
okumwina quiet => omamwinino silence
okuzira answer => omaziriro answers
okupingena replace => ombingeneno replacement
okukambura believe => ongamburiro trust
okupandjara lost => ombandjarero loss, damnation

constructing verbs adjectives

although rare, adjectives can become verbs adding oku- prefix , adding -para @ end.

examples

-nene big => okunenepara become big
-hona ruling => okuhonapara rule over

constructing adjectives verbs

a common occurrence, constructed removing noun-class prefix , changing final -a -e.

examples

okukohoka become clean => -kohoke clean
okuhepa need => -hepe needed

moving words o- , ozo- classes

when noun stem, verb stem, or adjective stem beginning w-, t-, z-, k-, v-, p-, t-, y-, or tj- used in o- or ozo- noun class, first letters of stem change

conversions stems in o- , ozo- noun classes

also note reverse change can happen words originate o- or ozo- noun class.

examples

ombaze foot => okapaze little foot
onḓu sheep => okazu little sheep

checking knowledge/understanding

there exists short way ask if knows something. formula is

[present habitual subject concord] + [object concord] + i

examples

oruzo u ru i? know oruzo is?
anna ko mu i? not know ann?
okupunda omuhiva u ku i? know how dance omuhiva?
opencila ko i? not know pencil is?

situations -a of concord, directive prefix, or noun class becomes -e

some grammatical situations cause ending -a of concord, directive prefix, or noun class become -e. these situations are:

examples

ozondjise zandje ze kuru tjinene. hair grew lot.
zaongara me ya nambano. zaongara coming now.
we kuta? full (hunger)?
eṱe twe rihonogo. learned.
omerihongero. learning (noun). (nouns constructed verbs otherwise start oma-. note noun still behaves noun in oma- noun class.)
eṱe twe ku raere. told you.
me kerikoha. go bathe.
me kemuraere. go tell him/her.




^ cite error: named reference bryner invoked never defined (see page).
^ cite error: named reference kamupingene invoked never defined (see page).