Relay transmitters by country Broadcast relay station

1 relay transmitters country

1.1 canada

1.1.1 television
1.1.2 radio


1.2 mexico

1.2.1 television
1.2.2 radio


1.3 united states

1.3.1 radio
1.3.2 television

1.3.2.1 digital transition


1.3.3 controversy

1.3.3.1 great translator invasion of 2003
1.3.3.2 satellite translator networks
1.3.3.3 out-of-band translators
1.3.3.4 sale of permits




1.4 australia

1.4.1 radio
1.4.2 television


1.5 europe
1.6 asia

relay transmitters country
canada

in canada, rebroadcaster or rebroadcasting transmitter terms commonly used canadian radio-television , telecommunications commission.

television

a television rebroadcaster may permitted sell local or regional advertising broadcast on local transmitter. on rarer occasions, may air limited amount of distinct programming parent station. such semi-satellites broadcast own local newscasts, or separate news segments during part of newscast.

there no strict rule call sign of television rebroadcaster. transmitters have distinct call signs parent station (for example, cfgc in sudbury rebroadcaster of ciii), while others use call sign of originating station followed number (e.g., former cblft-17 in sarnia). officially, latter type includes television station s -tv suffix between call sign , number, although in media directories left out convenience.

in latter case, numbers applied sequentially, starting 1 , denoting chronological order in station s rebroadcast transmitters began operation. broadcasters may, @ discretion, use system in number denotes actual broadcast channel of transmitter (e.g., cjoh-tv-47 in pembroke). broadcaster cannot, however, mix 2 numbering systems under single call sign – transmitters either numbered sequentially or numbered analogue channel position. on rare occasion sequential numbering reaches 99 (e.g., tvontario s former broadcast transmitters), rather being numbered 100 next transmitter assigned new call sign , numbered one. translators share same frequency (such cblt s former repeaters cblet, cblht, cblat-2 , ch4113, on channel 12) given distinct call signs.

digital rebroadcasters may numbered using television channel number of analogue signal replaced; tvontario s cico-dt-53 (digital uhf 26, belleville) 1 example (that station converted in 2011 solely vacate out-of-core analogue channel, uhf 53, , retains cico-tv-53 s former analogue uhf television callsign numbering 1 of few surviving tvo repeaters).

low-power rebroadcasters may have call sign consists of letters ch followed 4 numbers. example, ch2649 in valemount rebroadcaster of vancouver s chan. rebroadcasters of type numbered strictly sequentially order in licensed crtc, , call signs have no inherent relationship of parent stations or of other rebroadcasters. although next number in sequence, ch2650 in anzac, rebroadcaster of chan, because ch2649 , ch2650 happened licensed simultaneously – following number, ch2651, rebroadcaster (also in anzac) of edmonton s citv. single station s rebroadcasters not named in same manner. cblt, example, had retransmitters had own call signs, used cblt followed number , transmitters ch numbers.

all cbc , radio-canada owned-and-operated retransmitters shut down permanently on august 1, 2012, along tvontario transmitters (which located @ radio-canada sites) , aboriginal peoples television network transmitters in far north. private commercial broadcasters continue operate full-power rebroadcasters means of obtaining must carry status on cable television systems.

transmitters in small markets 1 (or no) originating stations in cases not required convert digital, if operating @ full-power. transmitters broadcasting on high-band uhf channels 52-69 required vacate channels august 31, 2011; (such ckws-tv retransmitter in brighton , 3 of tvontario sites) did go digital part of move lower frequency not provide high-definition television service, digital subchannels or functionality beyond of original analogue site.

radio

as in television, radio rebroadcaster may have either distinct call sign or use calls of originating station followed numeric suffix. in case of radio, however, numeric suffix sequential.

for rebroadcaster of fm station, numeric suffix appended fm suffix. example, rebroadcasters of cjbc-fm in toronto numbered cjbc-fm-1, cjbc-fm-2, etc. station has rebroadcaster operating on fm band, numeric suffix instead falls between four-letter call sign , fm suffix – example, cksb-1-fm fm rebroadcaster of station cksb, while cksb-fm-1 rebroadcaster of cksb-fm.

as broadcaster limited no more 2 stations on 1 radio band in market, 1 possible means obtain third fm signal in-market use rebroadcaster of station move signal onto low-power fm. in sarnia, ontario, blackburn radio owns cfgx-fm (99.9) , chks-fm (106.3); third sarnia station chok (1070) uses fm repeater in-city coverage country 103.9 fm, although officially signal remains station s primary transmitter.

low-power radio rebroadcasters may have call sign consists of letters vf followed 4 numbers; however, call sign of type may denote low-power station originates own programming , not rebroadcaster. stations licensed under crtc s experimental broadcasting guidelines, special class of short-term license (similar special temporary authority) granted newer campus , community radio operations, may have distinct class of call sign consists of 3 letters anywhere within canada s itu prefix range followed 3 digits – e.g. cfu758 or vek565. other stations within license class, however, have been assigned conventional cxxx call signs.

occasionally, former rebroadcasters have been converted originating stations in own right, have retained former call sign instead of being reassigned new 1 of own. such stations include cite-fm-1 in sherbrooke, cbf-fm-8 in trois-rivières , cbaf-fm-15 in charlottetown.

mexico

in mexico, translator , booster stations given callsign of parent station.

television

the majority of television stations in mexico operated repeaters of networks broadcast. translator stations in mexico given callsigns begin xe , xh. televisa , azteca each maintain 2 networks national reach. televisa s canal de las estrellas network includes 128 separately licensed stations, in mexico, while azteca s networks incorporate 88 , 91 stations. these stations may have capability insert local advertising. azteca s stations in larger cities may include local news , limited amount of regional content; televisa prefers use non-national gala tv network , televisa regional stations outlets local production. on top of listed number of transmitters each network, many have multiple translators of own serve areas little or no signal within defined coverage area, known equipos complementarios de zona de sombra ( shadow channels ). shadow channels air same programming parent station, several notable exceptions. northern , central regional network multimedios televisión out of monterrey uses same sort of system smaller extent, offers regional outputs local newscasts , advertising formed around master schedule.

there 2 main national networks of noncommercial television stations in mexico. 1 canal once or xeipn-tdt network run instituto politécnico nacional; ipn runs 13 transmitters of network , airs programs on 4 more under contract quintana roo state network. other network, run sistema público de radiodifusión del estado mexicano (spr), incorporates 26 stations (16 in operation), of entirely digital. spr transmitters located exclusively in cities ipn never built own stations , carry canal once 1 of 5 educational networks in multiplex of digital station.

additionally, 26 of mexico s 32 states own , operate television services of own. 16 of these incorporate more 1 transmitter. largest number of stations telemax, state network of sonora, operates 59 transmitters. many transmitters in state networks broadcast @ low effective radiated powers.

lastly, small handful of stations owned municipalities or translator associations. these relatively uncommon, , state networks, transmit @ extremely low powers.

transmitters rebroadcasting mexico city stations baja california , other communities along pacific coast operate on two-hour delay relative originating station; there one-hour delay in sonora, , quintana roo (which of 2015 1 hour ahead of central mexico) receives programs 1 hour later (but live) broadcast of mexico.

radio

while comparatively rare, number of fm shadow channels exist (approximately 10 15). these required co-channel stations retransmit.

the state fm shadow channels quintana roo, 7 fm shadows represent half of national total.

united states

radio

as of july 2009, basic federal communications commission (fcc) regulations on translators are:

fm translators may used cross-band translation. removed restriction prevented fm translators retransmitting signals.
no translator or booster may transmit other live simulcast of licensed parent station, except emergency warnings (such eas), , 30 seconds per hour of fundraising.
the parent station must identify of translators , boosters between 7 , 9 a.m., 12:55 , 1:05 p.m. , 4 , 6 p.m. each broadcast day; or each must equipped own automated device (audio or fsk) hourly identification.
maximum power 250 watts erp translator, , 20% of maximum allowable erp primary station s class booster. there no limit on height fill-in translators (those exist within primary service contour of primary station).
a translator or booster must go off air if parent station s signal lost (this helps prevent unauthorized retransmission of other stations).

there 1 loophole programming may differ between main station , fm translator: hd radio signal may contain digital subchannels different programming main analogue channel, , translator may operate in such way broadcast programming taken originating station s hd2 subchannel translator s main analogue signal. w237de (95.3, harrisburg, pennsylvania) broadcasts programming format formerly carried wtcy (1400 am, whgb), gets signal wnnk (104.1 fm) hd2 digital subchannel analogue rebroadcast @ wnnk tower site on 95.3 s main signal. such, technically still legally fm repeater of fm station, though each signal heard delivering unique content users of standard analogue fm radio receivers.

commercial stations may own translators or boosters when translator or booster exists within primary service contour of parent station (they can fill in terrain blocks signal). in fact, boosters may owned primary station. translators outside of primary station s service contour cannot owned primary station, nor can receive financial support primary station. translators operate picking-up signal of main station off air directional antenna , sensitive receiver, , directly retransmitting signal. may not transmit in fm reserved band 88 92 mhz, noncommercial stations allowed. noncommercial stations may broadcast in commercial band, however. unlike commercial stations, can relay programming translators via satellite, long translators in reserved band. translators in commercial band may fed direct off-the-air signal fm station or translator. non-fill-in commercial band translators may not fed satellite, spelled out in fcc rule 74.1231(b). stations may use means feed boosters.

all u.s. translator , booster stations low-power , have class d license, making them secondary other stations (including parent). must accept interference full-power (100-watt or more on fm) stations, while not causing of own. boosters must not interfere parent station within community of license. licenses automatically renewed of parent station , not require separate applications, though each may still challenged petition deny.

fm booster stations given full callsign (always including -fm suffix, if there none assigned) of parent station, plus serial number, such wxyz-fm1, wxyz-fm2, etc.

fm translator stations may use sequential numbered callsigns, consisting of k or w , followed three-digit number (201 through 300 corresponding frequencies 88.1 107.9 mhz) followed pair of sequentially assigned letters. format similar used numbered television translators, number refers permanent channel assignment.

as of october 2008, largest terrestrial radio translator system in u.s. belongs kuer-fm, non-commercial radio outlet of university of utah, 33 translator stations ranging idaho new mexico , arizona.

television

unlike fm, low-power television stations may operate either translators or originate own programming.

translator stations in u.s. given callsigns begin w or k (respectively east or west of mississippi river, regular stations), followed channel number, , 2 serial letters each channel (the first stations on channel aa, ab, ac, , on). television channels two-digit, 02 51 (formerly 02 83); while fm radio channels 200 (87.9 mhz) 300 (107.9 mhz), 1 every 0.2 mhz (for example, w42bd or k263af). presence of x after number in these callsigns not indicate experimental broadcasting license may in other services, 26 letters included in sequence. highest pair of letters used, of january 2011, zs (k13zs-d translator of ktsc in sargents, colorado).

numbered translator stations (a format such w70zz ) typically low-power repeaters, 100 watts or less on fm, , 1000 or less on television. former translator band , uhf television channels 70 through 83, occupied these low-powered translators. combination of low power , high frequencies provided limited range these broadcasts. band reallocated cellular telephone services in 1980s, handful of remaining transmitters these channels moved lower frequencies.

full-power repeaters (such wpbs-tv s identical twin transmitter wnpi-tv) assigned -tv callsigns of other full-power station. these satellite stations not bear numbered callsigns , must operate in same manner other full-power broadcasters. simulcasting not regulated fcc, except station s owner seeks exempted requirements such restrictions on owning multiple full-service stations in same market, limits on overlap in coverage area between commonly owned stations or requirements each full-service station have local studio , skeleton staff capable of originating programming locally. these exemptions justified on basis of economic hardship , heavily rural location unable support full-service originating station of own may able sustain full-power rebroadcaster. stations (such kvrr in fargo, north dakota) chains of many 4 full-power transmitters, each own callsign , license, covering vast sparsely populated region.

lptv stations may choose regular four-letter callsign -lp suffix (shared lpfm) analog or -ld digital, done if station originates programming. class television stations assigned calls -ca , -cd suffixes instead. digital stations use numerals -d suffix (as in w42bd-d). of these despite fact of full-power digital television stations had -dt (originally -hd ) suffixes dropped fcc before -d , -ld implemented. digital lptv stations have digital rf channel numbers part of digital callsigns, means may different virtual channel (the analog number).

numbered broadcast translators moved permanently frequency issued new callsigns reflect updated channel assignments. same not true of displaced translators using frequency temporarily under special technical authority, instance, k55kd retain callsign while displaced temporarily channel 57 resolve interference mediaflo users, while w81aa have received new calls when channel 81 deleted bandplan. on rare occasion station moves original channel, given old callsign, not reused other stations regular callsigns can be.

digital transition

low-power television stations not required simulcast digital signal, nor required shut down analog operation in june 2009 when full-power u.s. television stations had so.

full-power stations used simulcast station were, other full-service television broadcasters, required convert digital in june 2009. fcc defines these tv satellite stations full-power broadcast stations authorized under part 73 of commission’s rules retransmit or part of programming of parent station typically commonly owned. satellite stations operate in small or sparsely populated areas have insufficient economic base support full-service operations, many granted fcc authorization on case-by-case basis flash-cut analog digital on same channel instead of simulcasting in both formats during digital transition.

while no current or future digital television mandates had been forced on existing low-power television stations, congress passed legislation in 2008 funding low-power stations went digital conversion date or shortly thereafter. low-power stations forced change frequency accommodate full-power stations moved uhf or operated digital companion channels on uhf during digital transition period.

by 2008, existing channel 55 licensees (both low-power , full-power) being encouraged relocate free spectrum qualcomm s (now-defunct) mediaflo transmitters.

by 2011, remaining lptv broadcasters on uhf channels 52 through 69 forced onto lower channels; in many cases, transmitters on original uhf 70-83 translator band forced relocate twice (channels 70-83 lost mobile phones in 1983; followed channels 52-69 between 2009 , 2011).

many low-power broadcast translators directly affected parent station s conversion digital television. translators received analog over-the-air signal full-service television station rebroadcast needed convert receiving equipment in same way individual viewers needed deploy digital converters. while signal transmitted repeater may remain in analog format, uplink had changed. in united states, 23% of 4,000 licensed translators have received us$1000 federal government subsidy covers small portion of cost of additional equipment. many other translators silently went dark after digital transition deadline or did not apply new channels after uhf channels 52-69 removed bandplan.

some small translators operated direct conversion of parent station s signal frequency rebroadcast, without other local signal processing or demodulation. example, w07ba, 16-watt repeater syracuse, new york station wsyr-tv, design simple piece of broadcast apparatus; merely shifted main station s signal channel 9 channel 7 cover small valley in dewitt. after digital transition, syracuse became uhf island , wsyr-tv s main abc signal became 100 kw digital broadcast on channel 17. therefore, there no longer channel 9 signal in format available feed tiny repeater. translators in remote locations, no commercial power available, expected have problems in deploying equipment handle uplink s digital conversion. while many translators continue analog broadcasts (and minority transitioned digital themselves), distant rural communities expected find local translator signals gone result of originating stations transition digital.

many originating stations marginally available over-the-air analog signals irretrievably lost digital conversion in locations (vhf band signals moving uhf losing range). meant parent station no longer receivable over-the-air @ relay site. interim solution problem, communities permitted state , federal laws have chosen purchase ku-band (echostar, hughes, etc.) or c-band satellite receivers translator stations: satellite input rebroadcast analog translator output. retransmitting local channels satellite has same problems if service area residents purchased individual service themselves: signal latency, atmospheric conditions (torrential rain or snow accumulation on lnb), satellite equipment issues, etc.

a digital-to-digital repeater or broadcast translator possible; in north america, atsc specifications allow such repeaters leave virtual channel numbering , guide (psip) of originating station unchanged, rebroadcaster appears viewer if on same channel numbers original station. full-power television stations have lost coverage after digital transition have applied digital replacement translators fill in gaps in of station s lost coverage. fill-in translators use same call letters, suffix , facility ids main full-power station.

a few local translator districts (in 1 municipal or county-level group had operated multiple low-power analog retransmitters fed multiple distant stations) consolidated programming on digital subchannels of single digital television transmitter on new channel. these rebroadcast stations insert psip virtual channel numbering , callsigns locally.

most digital television sets , digital video recorders include analog , digital tuners, digital television set-top boxes fail display analog stations or include analog passthrough rf television antenna (the way vcr does). issue coupon-eligible converter boxes , caused grave concern among low-power television operators , border stations; community broadcasters association filed lawsuit claiming violated all-channel receiver act, law on fcc based digital mandate. however, in late 2008, 58% of approved coupon-eligible converter models providing analog pass-through.

controversy

under u.s. law, full-service local broadcasters primary occupants of fm radio broadcast band. lpfm operations, translators, considered secondary in importance. in theory, leaves low-power fm stations , broadcast translators co-equal status on fm band. in practice, fm broadcast band becomes more crowded, frequencies assigned translators become unavailable new lpfm stations or existing lpfm stations seeking upgrade facilities.

a few key distinctions place small, local lpfm operators @ disadvantage:

the maximum power lpfm station (either 10 or 100 watts, depending on class of station) less of largest fm broadcast translators (at 250 watts), limiting reach of lpfm signal.
the minimum spacing required (in distance , frequency) other stations less strict translators lpfm applicants. while translator spacing based on signal contour levels (and therefore takes terrain , obstacles account), lpfm stations have more restrictive legally defined minimum distance requirement.
an lpfm broadcaster required generate local content; if there multiple applicants same frequency, agree originate 8 or more hours day of local programming favoured. translators not required (and not licensed to) originate locally.
lpfm licenses issued non-commercial educational entities (such schools or municipalities) , subject strict requirements largely precluding multiple stations under common ownership. same not true of translators. non-commercial translator no local content , no educational content free occupy space in non-commercial segment (below 92 mhz) of u.s. fm broadcast band. during narrow fcc filing windows new applicants, multiple applications broadcast translators same or related entities can abused request every locally available frequency in multiple communities.
an lpfm license or construction permit cannot lawfully resold. same not true translators. few related entities can file applications thousands of individual translator construction permits via automated means, using non-commercial status gain exemption fcc filing fees, resell these construction permits en masse or individually thousands of dollars each – if corresponding transmitters have not yet been constructed.

broadcast translators commercial stations required receive signal parent full-service fm station over-the-air , retransmit solely within region should covered main station (this eliminates need translator except in cases terrain shielding problem). same restriction not apply non-commercial educational stations. non-commercial station, 1 no local or educational content offer, can apply unlimited number of translators anywhere fed means (including via satellite). end result network of hundreds of small local transmitters, none of broadcast (and none of can lawfully broadcast) programming of interest local community. take increasingly scarce available spectrum otherwise have been employed local lpfm stations or used rebroadcast of local full-service stations.

another related issue involves use of full-power stations carry automated or satellite-originated programming. new full-service station can displace existing low-power translator or independent lpfm station; regulations allow on presumption full-service broadcaster more provide local voice community of license. not full-service broadcasters live expectation. in cases (such displacement of existing national public radio repeaters newly created religious stations in lake charles, louisiana) result has been loss of local or educational content. while opposite outcome legislative intent had anticipated, small non-commercial educational translator carrying content of higher quality satellite-fed full-power station displaced.

great translator invasion of 2003

an fcc licensing window new translator applications in 2003 resulted in on 13,000 applications being filed, of them coming religious broadcasters. due extremely high volume of license applications, lpfm advocates describe great translator invasion.

a few broadcasters have taken advantage of fm translator regulations allow non-commercial stations feed distant translators satellite-delivered programming hundreds or thousands of miles outside parent station s coverage area. however, misconception translators can fed satellites. translators located on non-commercial portion of fm band (88.1 91.9 mhz) can so-called satellators . other translators must fed off air direct radio reception, except in case of so-called fill-in facilities exist within service contour of primary station. translators may used feed other translators, possible create small chains of translators fed 1 distant station, however, works until chain broken and, if 1 translator fails, entire network beyond failed translator goes down, too. application window of 2003 resulted in many applications, fcc overloaded , issued emergency hold order on new translator applications until present batch can sorted through; came after considerable criticism lpfm lobbyist groups such prometheus radio. these translator applications on commercial band , none of them can used satellators. unknown how 1 broadcast group applications planned deliver programming of translators, affiliated churches of parent organization own broadcasting outlets in many of cities.

some religious broadcasting outlets – such calvary chapel s kawz twin falls, idaho, educational media foundation or family radio s kebr -sacramento – relayed hundreds of fm translator stations across u.s. these parent stations owned non-profit organizations , exist on non-commercial part of spectrum, not required have translators receive signal on air, required commercial broadcaster. has been used number of religious broadcasters set large satellite-based networks composed entirely of distant translators – translators outside of market area (generally 50-mile radius surrounding transmitter).

some lpfm advocates erroneously state proliferation of translators has posed difficulties non-translator station operators, in particular lpfm license applicants claim cannot stations on air due translators eliminating available channels in area. while may true future lpfm applications, not true existing lpfm broadcasters or lpfm applicants. because last lpfm filing window in 2001. translator applications 2003 window required protect lpfm applications pending or authorized @ time. result, no lpfm station denied due translators.

since so-called sat-casting translators permitted on non-commercial part of spectrum, lpfm stations not exist, pose no threat ability of existing lpfm licensees expand current station facilities. non-sat-casting translators can present problem existing lpfm stations , existence of translator, theoretically, leave lpfm stations have been bumped existing channel assignments new full-power stations no available frequency move. fcc has, generally, not required lpfm stations displaced full power stations. in such cases, lpfm may subject increased interference full-powered move-in, fcc has adopted live , let live policy has been used keep existing lpfm stations operating.

there @ least 1 proposed rulemaking revise procedures nonprofit groups may apply translators (thus disallowing more number of translator applications owned 1 entity); in addition, fcc has modified channel requirements lpfm broadcasters open channel space. rec networks has filed petition fcc would, among other things, require fcc give higher priority lpfm stations.

satellite translator networks

areas no available fm spectrum lpfm stations due large distant translator networks include chicago (with several calvary chapel , educational media foundation stations), atlanta (with several way-fm – associated k-love , salem communications – , edgewater broadcasting stations) , dallas, texas (with calvary satellite network , american family radio). louisville, kentucky , knoxville, tennessee, both small market areas, have complete lack of lpfm channels due distant translator invasion broadcasters such calvary chapel , way-fm.

the largest satellite-fed translator networks endeavors linked calvary chapel (including radio assist ministry, horizon broadcasting, , (formerly) edgewater broadcasting , reach media) , american family radio owned american family association. multiple networks associated calvary chapel have been particular focus in regard translator-based networks. in many cases, multiple applications submitted different companies linked calvary chapel in particular same channel. @ least 4 separate radio stations operated calvary chapel churches , relaying calvary satellite network programming have been identified home stations distant translators , there many home churches in addition main national calvary chapel concerns applying licenses.

in case of american family radio in particular, there indications of deliberate strategy crowd out rebroadcasters of national public radio stations political purposes.

educational media foundation, owners of k-love contemporary christian music radio network, have been cited applying distant translators en masse.

out-of-band translators

as of 2009, fcc officially sanctioned use of fm translators cross-band carriage of signals. although feel poses threat lpfm stations, fcc did not authorize use of new fm translators purpose , limited cross-band translation existing translators had been authorized of may 2009. since no new translators authorized, there no increased threat lpfms cross-band translation services. fcc allows translation of hd radio digital-only channels inputs analog fm-only output.

sale of permits

some groups have sold translator construction permits large profit; obvious educational media foundation, has traded both translators , desired callsigns iheartmedia in exchange hd carriage on iheart stations of k-love , air1. other licensees have sold translator stations large amounts of money – tens of thousands of dollars or more, , many times costs build one.

australia
radio

australia s national radio networks (radio national, abc newsradio, triple j, abc classic fm , sbs radio) each have relay transmitters allow each service broadcast possible. in order provide this, abc , sbs both allow community-based relay transmitters rebroadcast radio or television in areas otherwise have no service. commercial radio broadcasters have relay transmitters if local geography (such mountainous terrain) prevents them broadcasting entire market.

television

since market aggregation in 1990s, each television broadcaster transmits service using multiple relays in order provide same service throughout australia s large market areas. while each market divided submarkets due legacy of previous commercial broadcasts (for example, southern cross ten maintains 2 separate stations in single victoria market, glv , bcv), difference between these submarkets in practice limited news services or local advertising. except in major cities, major television broadcasters use same network of transmitters, may have dozens of relay stations in each market. result, areas have had trouble starting digital or hd services due problems regional transmitters.

europe

because radio , television systems in europe national networks, entire radio or television system in countries can considered collection of relay stations, in each broadcaster uses transmitter network (either developed public broadcaster or maintained through government-funded authority) provide broadcast services entire nation.

asia

in parts of asia, satellite preferred method of getting signal coverage country-wide in countries (notable exceptions include singapore, outright bans civilian ownership of satellite receivers, , malaysia, allows civilians ownership of receivers provided astro). however, terrestrial-wise, scenario of europe – systems considered national networks , made of collection of relay station, maintained government-funded authority. not case in japan, television stations either owned-and-operated networks or affiliates owned other media companies.