History Crown-cardinal

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zbigniew oleśnicki, 1 of first crown-cardinals


the first explicit reference protectorship pertaining nation-state dates 1425 (the catholic encyclopedia says 1424) when pope martin v forbade cardinals assume protection of king, prince or commune ruled tyrant or other secular person whatsoever. prohibition renewed in 1492 pope alexander vi. prohibition not renewed pope leo x in ninth session of lateran council of 1512.


some crown-cardinals cardinal-nephews or members of powerful families; others selected solely on recommendation of european monarchs, in many cases little previous ecclesiastical experience. during reigns of avignon pope clement vi , pope urban vi in particular, acknowledged monarchs select retainers , expect them elevated college of cardinals. going rate creation of crown-cardinal 2,832 scudi.


pope alexander vii had elevate crown-cardinals in pectore. pope urban vi (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals receiving gifts respective sovereigns.


world war cemented decline of institution of crown cardinal, many monarchies either became extinct or declined in power.








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